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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

75.7K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy
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High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy

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Human Satellite 3 DNA encodes megabase-scale transcription factor binding platforms.

J Matthew Franklin1, Danilo Dubocanin1, Cy Chittenden1

  • 1Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|November 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human Satellite 3 (HSat3) DNA arrays bind Hippo pathway proteins TEAD and YAP, localizing them to the nucleolus. This enhances ribosomal DNA transcription, revealing a novel function for satellite DNA.

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Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models
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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences
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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy
06:38

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: February 7, 2019

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Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models
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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences
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Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences

Published on: February 11, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genomes feature large satellite DNA arrays, such as Human Satellite 3 (HSat3).
  • The functions of many satellite DNAs, including HSat3, are largely unknown, as they are often excluded from genome assemblies.
  • HSat3 constitutes the largest satellite DNA arrays in the human genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the understudied functions of Human Satellite 3 (HSat3) DNA.
  • To identify proteins that bind to HSat3 regions.
  • To explore the role of HSat3 in gene regulation and cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic screening for HSat3 binding proteins.
  • Identification of transcription factor motifs within HSat3.
  • Cellular imaging and microscopy (including super-resolution).
  • Reporter assays, targeted repression, and inducible protein degradation.

Main Results:

  • HSat3 contains millions of transcription factor binding motifs.
  • Over a dozen transcription factors, including TEAD1-4 from the Hippo pathway, bind to HSat3.
  • TEAD recruits YAP to HSat3 regions in a cell-state specific manner.
  • HSat3 arrays facilitate YAP/TEAD localization within the nucleolus, boosting RNA Polymerase I activity.

Conclusions:

  • Satellite DNA can encode functional transcription factor binding motifs.
  • HSat3 plays a role in regulating ribosomal DNA transcription via the Hippo pathway.
  • This study defines a significant functional role for large satellite DNA elements in the genome.