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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Halogens03:01

Halogens

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Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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The Periodic Table03:25

The Periodic Table

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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). All of these elements are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However,...
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The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
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Cationic Group 13 and 14 Element Clusters.

Antoine Barthélemy1, Ingo Krossing1

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Recent advances in weakly coordinating anions have enabled the synthesis of novel group 13 and 14 cationic clusters. These compounds exhibit unique structures and show promise in bond activation chemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Main Group Element Chemistry

Background:

  • Anionic and neutral clusters of group 13 and 14 elements are well-established. The development of weakly coordinating anions has recently facilitated access to cationic cluster compounds.
  • The study of group 13 and 14 cationic clusters is a rapidly growing research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the research field of group 13 and 14 cationic cluster compounds.
  • To highlight the unusual structures and bond activation applications of these cationic clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on the synthesis and characterization of group 13 and 14 cationic clusters.
  • Discussion of challenges in cluster formation and suitable starting materials.

Main Results:

  • The number of known group 13 and 14 cationic cluster compounds has significantly increased.
  • These cationic clusters often display unique structural motifs.
  • Applications in bond activation chemistry have been demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Group 13 and 14 cationic clusters represent an exciting area of main group chemistry.
  • Their unusual structures and reactivity offer potential for new chemical transformations.
  • Further research into their synthesis, structure, and applications is warranted.