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The Relation Between Passively Collected GPS Mobility Metrics and Depressive Symptoms: Systematic Review and

Yannik Terhorst^1,2,3, Johannes Knauer¹, Paula Philippi⁴

¹Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology and Education, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany.

Journal of Medical Internet Research

|November 1, 2024

Summary

GPS data from smartphones show significant correlations with depression symptoms between individuals. This suggests GPS mobility and activity features could enhance depression assessment tools, but methodological quality needs improvement.

Keywords:

GPS depression depressive disorders depressive symptoms digital phenotyping global positioning system mental disorder mental health meta-analysis mobile phone smart sensing smartphone systematic review treatment wearable

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Area of Science:

Digital Phenotyping
Psychiatry
Geospatial Analysis

Background:

Objective, passively collected GPS data from smartphones may augment depression assessment.
No prior systematic or meta-analytical evidence exists on GPS features and depression associations.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate between- and within-person correlations between GPS mobility/activity and depressive symptoms.
Critically review the quality and publication bias of existing research.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search across multiple databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, etc.).
Inclusion criteria focused on GPS variables (e.g., distance) and validated depression measures.
Analyzed correlations using random effects models; assessed study quality (STROBE) and publication bias (Egger test).

Main Results:

19 studies (N=2930) found significant between-person correlations between GPS features (distance, entropy, location variance, clusters, homestay) and depression.
Within-person correlations were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis.
Identified deficiencies in study quality, adherence to reporting guidelines, and power; evidence of publication bias.

Conclusions:

Meta-analytical evidence supports between-person correlations between GPS features and depression.
GPS data holds potential for enhancing depression diagnostics and assessment tools.
Further research is needed to confirm between-person findings and explore within-person correlations, alongside improving methodological quality.