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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division01:27

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

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Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
Several proteins function as internal regulators to ensure each cell cycle stage is completed faithfully before proceeding to the next. Regulator molecules may act directly or influence the activity or production of other...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

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Disentangling the Factors Selecting for Unicellular Programmed Cell Death.

J David Van Dyken, Peter C Zee

    The American Naturalist
    |November 1, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    Programmed cell death (PCD) in single-celled organisms evolves when damaged cells self-destruct to benefit relatives. This programmed cell death requires sensing impending demise and depends on species-specific ecology and mortality sources.

    Keywords:
    apoptosisprogrammed cell death

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Cell biology
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Programmed cell death (PCD) is common in unicellular species, but its evolutionary drivers are unclear.
    • Kin selection theory suggests benefits for relatives, but the specific functions and regulation of PCD remain unexplained.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To formalize hypotheses for the ecological functions of unicellular PCD.
    • To determine the conditions under which PCD evolves and the specific types of PCD that emerge.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical modeling of evolutionary hypotheses for PCD.
    • Analysis of cell biological and ecological constraints on PCD evolution.

    Main Results:

    • Healthy cells do not evolve self-sacrifice; PCD requires damaged cells to sense impending death.
    • Evolved PCD functions include resource sparing, preventing toxin release, releasing beneficial compounds, or releasing toxins against competitors.
    • PCD evolution is constrained by the ability to predict death and by species-specific mortality sources, ecology, and life history.

    Conclusions:

    • Unicellular PCD is conditionally expressed and ecologically dependent, not a simple altruistic act.
    • The specific mechanisms and functions of PCD vary significantly across different unicellular species based on their environment and biology.