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Related Concept Videos

The Extracellular Matrix01:29

The Extracellular Matrix

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Overview
In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
Composition of the Extracellular Matrix
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Role of Matrix Metalloproteases in Degradation of ECM01:23

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Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of proteins and glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. MMPs are essential for the migration and proliferation of cells through the dense matrix network, throughout embryonic development, and throughout morphogenesis. The first MMP activity discovered was a collagenase in a tadpole's tail undergoing metamorphosis. The active collagen deposition and modifications lead to the morphogenesis of tadpoles into the adult...
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Extracellular Matrix01:26

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Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...
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Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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The Bone Matrix01:18

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Using Cell-substrate Impedance and Live Cell Imaging to Measure Real-time Changes in Cellular Adhesion and De-adhesion Induced by Matrix Modification
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Using Cell-substrate Impedance and Live Cell Imaging to Measure Real-time Changes in Cellular Adhesion and De-adhesion Induced by Matrix Modification

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Evolutionary and Ecological Processes Determining the Properties of the Matrix.

Steinar Engen, Bernt-Erik Sæther

    The American Naturalist
    |November 1, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study decomposes the additive genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix into four components: selection, drift, mutation, and environmental fluctuations. These factors balance to drive evolutionary change and adaptation in populations.

    Keywords:
    G matrixcapacity for adaptationdeterioration of the environmentenvironmental fluctuationsfundamental theorem of natural selectiongenetic drift

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Quantitative Genetics
    • Population Genetics

    Background:

    • The additive genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix describes the genetic basis of phenotypic evolution.
    • Understanding the forces shaping the G matrix is crucial for predicting adaptive change.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To decompose the G matrix into contributions from selection, genetic drift, mutation, and environmental fluctuations.
    • To assess the sufficiency of existing evolutionary theorems under environmental deterioration.

    Main Methods:

    • Applied classical theory of selection, drift, and mutation balance.
    • Approximated fitness as a linear function of phenotypes with environmental fluctuations.
    • Decomposed the G matrix into four additive components.

    Main Results:

    • The G matrix can be decomposed into selection, drift, mutation, and environmental fluctuation components.
    • Selection is counteracted by environmental deterioration, leading to significant phenotypic changes.
    • Fisher's fundamental theorem and Lande's gradient formula require correction for environmental deterioration.

    Conclusions:

    • Existing evolutionary theorems are insufficient without accounting for environmental deterioration.
    • The theory provides a framework for comparative studies on environmental effects.
    • Eigenvector analysis of the G matrix can reveal relative contributions of phenotypes to fitness.