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Equine Encephalomyelitis Outbreak, Uruguay, 2023-2024.

Sandra Frabasile, Noelia Morel, Ramiro Pérez

Emerging Infectious Diseases

|November 1, 2024

Summary

Genomic analysis of the 2023-2024 Western equine encephalitis virus outbreak in Uruguay reveals links to a 1958 Argentinian isolate. This suggests a South American origin or ongoing enzootic circulation with spillover events.

Keywords:

Uruguay Western equine encephalomyelitis meningitis/encephalitis outbreak viruses zoonoses

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Genomic Epidemiology
Arbovirology

Background:

The Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) causes significant outbreaks in equids and humans.
Understanding the genetic diversity and origins of WEEV is crucial for disease control.
Recent WEEV activity in Uruguay necessitates updated epidemiological and genomic insights.

Purpose of the Study:

To perform genomic analysis of WEEV from early equine cases in Uruguay during the 2023-2024 outbreak.
To investigate the phylogenetic relationship of the current Uruguayan WEEV strains to historical isolates.
To infer potential origins and circulation patterns of the WEEV in South America.

Main Methods:

Whole-genome sequencing of viral RNA extracted from equine samples.
Phylogenetic analysis using established WEEV reference sequences.
Comparison of genomic data with historical WEEV isolates from South America.

Main Results:

The genomic sequences from the 2023-2024 Uruguayan WEEV outbreak are closely related to a viral isolate from Argentina in 1958.
Phylogenetic analysis indicates a potential South American origin for the circulating WEEV strains.
The findings support the possibility of continuous enzootic circulation with infrequent spillover events.

Conclusions:

The WEEV outbreak in Uruguay in 2023-2024 is linked to historical South American viral lineages.
Genomic data suggests either a re-emergence from a long-term enzootic focus or introduction from an external source within South America.
Further surveillance and genomic studies are warranted to elucidate the precise WEEV transmission dynamics in the region.