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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Together, these three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.The History of Atomic TheoryThe first person to propose that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles was the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 450 B.C. He used the term atomos, Greek for “indivisible,” from which the modern term “atom” is derived.
Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.Electrons Orbit the NucleusElectrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus...
Electron Behavior01:09

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers:  n, l, ml, and...
Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films
08:49

Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films

Published on: December 4, 2014

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Electron-Beam Writing of Atomic-Scale Reconstructions at Oxide Interfaces.

Greta Segantini1, Chih-Ying Hsu1,2, Carl Willem Rischau1

  • 1Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.

Nano Letters
|November 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method to precisely join oxide membranes and substrates, overcoming limitations of traditional epitaxial growth. This technique enables novel materials design for advanced electronic applications.

Keywords:
in-situ e-beam writinginterfaceionic bondingoxide membranesperovskites

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films

Published on: December 4, 2014

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Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures
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Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

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Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Epitaxial growth of complex oxides yields high-quality films but is limited by substrate constraints.
  • Free-standing oxide membranes offer a route to novel heterostructures via non-epitaxial stacking.
  • Existing methods restrict the design possibilities for advanced oxide materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel method for atomically precise joining of oxide membranes to substrates.
  • To overcome the limitations of substrate selection in epitaxial oxide growth.
  • To enable the fabrication of new synthetic heterostructures with unique properties.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic precision writing of ionically bonded crystalline materials.
  • Utilizing a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) beam for localized material deposition.
  • Employing thermal pretreatment and STEM beam raster scanning.
  • Characterization using STEM imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Achieved atomically sharp interface reconstructions between a SrTiO3 membrane and a SrTiO3 substrate.
  • Demonstrated precise joining of a 30-nm-thick SrTiO3 membrane to a niobium-doped SrTiO3(001) substrate.
  • Successfully bridged the gap between oxide membrane and carrier substrate with atomic precision.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method overcomes substrate limitations in oxide heterostructure fabrication.
  • This technique opens new avenues for designing synthetic materials with tailored structural and electronic properties.
  • Facilitates the creation of novel oxide-based devices and functionalities.