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Updated: Jun 8, 2025
Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Published on: June 16, 2014
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome - An integrative review
Katiana Simões Kittelson1, Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior2, Natasha Fillmore3
1Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
Insights
This review explores emerging biomarkers and the role of inflammation in Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic (CKM) syndrome. Understanding CKM pathophysiology is key for improved patient outcomes and holistic treatment strategies.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular medicine
- Nephrology
- Metabolic disorders
- Inflammation research
Background:
- Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic (CKM) syndrome involves complex interactions between these systems.
- Understanding CKM pathophysiology is crucial for developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.
- Existing knowledge gaps hinder optimal patient outcomes for CKM syndrome.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify emerging biomarkers for CKM syndrome screening.
- To elucidate the role of inflammation in CKM syndrome pathophysiology.
- To consolidate current understanding of CKM syndrome.
Main Methods:
- Extensive literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
- Systematic assessment of studies based on titles, abstracts, and keywords.
- Inclusion of 38 studies meeting predefined eligibility criteria.
Main Results:
- Identified potential biomarkers for CKM screening: serum uric acid, leptin, aldosterone, bilirubin, soluble neprilysin, lipocalin-type-prostaglandin-D-synthase, and endocan.
- Highlighted the significant role of inflammation in CKM syndrome pathophysiology.
- Provided background information on CKM syndrome.
Conclusions:
- Emerging biomarkers show promise for early CKM syndrome detection.
- Inflammation is a critical factor in CKM syndrome development and progression.
- Further research is needed to fully understand and manage CKM syndrome.
Abstract:
The American Heart Association recently defined the complex interactions among the cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic systems as CKM syndrome. To promote better patient outcomes, having a more profound understanding of CKM pathophysiology and pursuing holistic preventative and therapy strategies is critical. Despite many gaps in understanding CKM syndrome, this study attempts to elucidate two of these gaps: the new emerging biomarkers for screening and the role of inflammation in its pathophysiology. For this review, an extensive search for specific terms was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies were first assessed by title, abstract, keywords, and selected for portfolio according to eligibility criteria, which led to 38 studies. They provided background information about CKM syndrome; data suggested that serum uric acid, leptin, aldosterone, bilirubin, soluble neprilysin, lipocalin-type-prostaglandin-D-synthase, and endocan could be valuable biomarkers for CKM screening; and finally, the inflammation role in CKM.
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