Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

300
The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
300
Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

215
Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...
215
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

18.3K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
18.3K
Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines01:14

Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines

639
The mechanical efficiency of a machine is a fundamental concept that describes how effectively a machine can convert input work into output work. According to this concept, the efficiency of a machine is equal to the ratio of the output work to the input work. An ideal machine, meaning a machine that has no energy losses, has an efficiency of one. This implies that the input work and the output work are equal.
However, in reality, no machine can be truly ideal, and all of them experience some...
639
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

20.6K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
20.6K
Steel Manufacturing01:26

Steel Manufacturing

372
Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
During this smelting process, limestone plays a crucial role by forming slag. Slag captures impurities within the molten iron, such...
372

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Aggregating Demand for Three Fundamental Resources to Avoid Burden-Shifting in Climate Policy.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Shear dominated deformation with curved beaks in folding-shearing.

The International journal, advanced manufacturing technology·2025
Same author

Sustainable metals: integrating science and systems approaches.

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences·2024
Same author

Electric recycling of Portland cement at scale.

Nature·2024
Same author

Feasible supply of steel and cement within a carbon budget is likely to fall short of expected global demand.

Nature communications·2023
Same author

What Contribution Could Industrial Symbiosis Make to Mitigating Industrial Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Bulk Material Production?

Environmental science & technology·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh
11:09

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Published on: June 23, 2017

10.1K

Material efficiency at the component level: how much metal can we do without?

Julian M Allwood1, Omer Music1,2

  • 1Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|November 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global steel and aluminium production significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. This study reveals that up to 80% of steel and 90% of aluminium may be unnecessary, highlighting critical areas for demand reduction and sustainable metal use.

Keywords:
aluminiumclimate mitigationmaterial efficiencysteel

More Related Videos

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components
08:43

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components

Published on: January 11, 2019

17.2K
Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes
11:05

Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes

Published on: December 13, 2016

12.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh
11:09

Scalable Solution-processed Fabrication Strategy for High-performance, Flexible, Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Metal Mesh

Published on: June 23, 2017

10.1K
Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components
08:43

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components

Published on: January 11, 2019

17.2K
Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes
11:05

Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes

Published on: December 13, 2016

12.1K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Industrial Engineering

Background:

  • Global steel and aluminium production are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Primary production relies on emissions-free electricity or carbon storage, with future capacity likely below demand.
  • Zero-emissions steel and aluminium will predominantly come from recycling, but supply will be insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the inefficiency in current steel and aluminium metal usage by component type.
  • To identify opportunities for reducing demand for primary metal production.
  • To inform innovation in design and manufacturing for sustainable metal utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Quantification of metal loss during manufacturing supply chains.
  • Analysis of metal usage in final components, considering over-specification and underutilization of material properties.
  • Estimation of potential material savings through improved design and manufacturing.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 40% of liquid steel and 60% of liquid aluminium are lost during manufacturing.
  • An estimated one-third of metal in final components could be saved by avoiding over-specification.
  • A further third could be saved by optimizing metal property utilization, with sheet metal in construction identified as a key area.

Conclusions:

  • A significant portion of steel and aluminium production is currently unnecessary.
  • Substantial material savings are achievable through design and manufacturing innovations.
  • Prioritizing a re-evaluation of sheet metal use in construction is crucial for reducing environmental impact.