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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Demonstration of Heterologous Complexes formed by Golgi-Resident Type III Membrane Proteins using Split Luciferase Complementation Assay
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The interaction between non-coding RNAs and SGLT2: A review.

Joanna Jarosz-Popek1, Ceren Eyileten2, Gloria M Gager3

  • 1Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Warsaw, Poland; Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

International Journal of Cardiology
|November 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors offer cardio- and nephroprotective benefits beyond diabetes management. Their impact on cancer metabolism and molecular pathology warrants further investigation into underlying mechanisms.

Keywords:
CancerCardiovascularDiabetesKidney diseaseSGLT2 inhibitorscircRNAlncRNAmiRNA

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Demonstration of Heterologous Complexes formed by Golgi-Resident Type III Membrane Proteins using Split Luciferase Complementation Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are established glucose-lowering drugs for diabetes.
  • SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrate systemic cardio- and nephroprotective effects.
  • The role of SGLT2 inhibitors in cancer cell metabolism and pathology is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the molecular mechanisms behind the cardio- and nephroprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • To investigate the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on cancer hallmarks and cellular metabolism.
  • To elucidate the role of non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNAs (miRNAs) and circularRNAs (circRNAs), in mediating these effects.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of SGLT2 inhibitor mechanisms.
  • Investigation of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) functions, including miRNAs and circRNAs.
  • Exploration of gene regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.

Main Results:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors exert systemic benefits beyond glucose lowering.
  • Non-coding RNAs like miRNAs and circRNAs play crucial roles in regulating gene expression.
  • CircRNAs can modulate gene expression by sponging miRNAs and interacting with proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The precise molecular mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors' benefits require further elucidation.
  • Non-coding RNAs are key regulators of cellular processes and homeostasis.
  • Understanding ncRNA-mediated gene regulation is vital for exploring SGLT2 inhibitor applications in various diseases.