Systemic and Ocular Associations of Keratoconus.

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Genetics
• Pathophysiology

Background:

• Keratoconus (KC) is the most prevalent corneal ectasia globally.
• Its pathogenesis involves complex interactions between ocular, systemic, and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To explore the multifaceted associations between keratoconus and systemic health conditions.
• To review ocular characteristics and environmental/exogenous factors influencing KC.
• To illuminate how these relationships impact the pathophysiology of keratoconus.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of keratoconus research.
• Analysis of systemic and ocular associations.
• Identification of molecular biomarkers and biological pathway alterations.

Main Results:

• Keratoconus pathogenesis is influenced by a combination of factors.
• Systemic conditions and specific ocular traits are associated with KC.
• Alterations in various biological pathways are observed in KC patients.

Conclusions:

• The precise etiology of keratoconus remains incompletely understood.
• Further research is crucial for a deeper understanding and improved management of KC.
• Investigating systemic and environmental links is vital for advancing KC knowledge.