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Design Example: Sustainability in Concrete Building

Design Example: Sustainability in Concrete Building

As the construction industry moves towards more eco-friendly practices, concrete's adaptability and its ability to incorporate sustainable features make it a key material in the drive towards greener building solutions.
There are multiple approaches to achieve sustainability in a commercial concrete building. For instance, construct a concrete parking area under the building, utilizing pervious concrete paver blocks in open areas to facilitate rainwater collection through an underground...

Design Example: Dimensioning of Concrete Masonry Construction

Design Example: Dimensioning of Concrete Masonry Construction

For the construction of a storeroom using concrete masonry units, it's essential to align the dimensions of the structure with the actual sizes of the blocks and the intended mortar joints. On the site in question, there's a stockpile of concrete masonry blocks with a nominal size of eight by eight by sixteen inches, which are to be used in the construction of the storeroom.
The site engineer has laid out a plan for the storeroom with external dimensions of twelve feet in length and...

Manufacture of Concrete Masonry Units

Manufacture of Concrete Masonry Units

The process of manufacturing concrete masonry units begins by mixing stiff concrete composed of Portland cement, aggregates, and water. This mixture is then poured into metal molds. To ensure the concrete settles uniformly and to avoid separation of its components, the mixture in the molds is subjected to vibration. Shortly after, the still-wet blocks are removed from the molds and placed on racks.
These wet blocks are then transported for curing, which can occur in one of two environments: a...

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.

Ferrocement

Ferrocement

Ferro-cement is a distinctive construction material that represents an innovative variant of reinforced concrete, characterized by its unique composition and the method by which it is formed. Unlike standard reinforced concrete, which relies on larger steel bars for reinforcement, ferro-cement utilizes densely packed layers of mesh or fine rods, fully encased in cement mortar. This composition allows for the creation of structures that are significantly thinner and more flexible than their...

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
The grading, or particle-size distribution, of sand is determined using sieve analysis, with standard sizes ranging from 150 μm to 10 mm (ASTM No. 100 sieve to 3⁄8 in. sieve). Sand is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties

The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties

Published on: June 7, 2020

D5 digital circular workflow: five digital steps towards matchmaking for material reuse in construction.

Catherine De Wolf¹, Brandon S Byers¹, Deepika Raghu¹

¹Circular Engineering for Architecture, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Npj Materials Sustainability

|November 4, 2024

Summary

Digital transformation enhances circular construction by optimizing material reuse through a five-step (D5) workflow. This approach, validated by case studies, significantly supports circular economy principles in the building industry.

Keywords:

Carbon and energy Civil engineering

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Area of Science:

Construction Management
Digital Transformation
Circular Economy

Background:

The construction industry faces significant environmental challenges due to material waste.
Optimizing material reuse is crucial for mitigating environmental impacts.
Digital innovations offer potential solutions for enhancing circular construction practices.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and validate a digital circular workflow (D5) for construction.
To integrate digital transformation tools for improved material reuse.
To demonstrate the scalability and industry applicability of the proposed workflow.

Main Methods:

Action research using a multiple case study approach.
Disassembly of buildings set for demolition.
Design and execution of construction projects using salvaged materials.
Assessment of digital tools: digital product passports, AI-assisted classification, reality capture, computational and generative AI design, digital fabrication, extended reality, and blockchain.

Main Results:

The five-step (D5) digital circular workflow effectively integrates digital innovations for material reuse.
Digital transformation significantly supports circular economy principles across detection, disassembly, distribution, design, and deployment phases.
Case studies validated the workflow's potential for real-world application.

Conclusions:

The proposed digital circular workflow provides a scalable framework for the construction industry.
Digital transformation is a key enabler for achieving circularity in construction.
Optimised material reuse through digital means can substantially reduce environmental impacts.