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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
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Periodontal disease: A systemic condition.

German E M Villoria1,2, Ricardo G Fischer1, Eduardo M B Tinoco1

  • 1Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Periodontology 2000
|November 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Periodontitis, traditionally viewed as a local oral condition, is increasingly recognized as a systemic disease. This paradigm shift highlights its impact on overall health and its connections to other chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Keywords:
comorbiditymultimorbidityperiodontal diseaseperiodontitissystemic disease

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Area of Science:

  • Periodontology
  • Systemic Health
  • Chronic Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • Periodontitis has historically been considered a localized inflammatory condition affecting only oral tissues.
  • Numerous studies have demonstrated associations between periodontitis and various noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes mellitus.
  • However, the causal relationship and periodontitis's role as an independent risk factor remain challenging to ascertain due to the cross-sectional nature of many studies and the recent association with multimorbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a paradigm shift in considering periodontitis as a systemic disease, not merely a local oral condition.
  • To emphasize that periodontitis affects an individual's overall systemic condition and well-being.
  • To advocate for the dental and medical professions to integrate this new perspective into research and clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • This is an opinion paper, synthesizing existing research and proposing a new conceptual framework.
  • It reviews the shared risk factors (environmental, lifestyle, genetic) and immunopathology between periodontitis and other systemic diseases.
  • It analyzes the pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic, and immunological states associated with periodontitis.

Main Results:

  • Periodontitis shares common risk factors and immunopathology with many systemic diseases.
  • Systemic diseases can create a pro-inflammatory state, increasing susceptibility to other chronic conditions, a phenomenon also observed in periodontitis.
  • Periodontitis itself can influence the susceptibility and progression of other systemic diseases, and conversely, comorbidities can impact periodontal disease.

Conclusions:

  • Periodontitis should be recognized as a systemic disease with significant implications for an individual's overall health.
  • This perspective reframes periodontal disease as part of the spectrum of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
  • Adopting this view facilitates understanding periodontitis as a comorbid condition and recognizing how other comorbidities affect its initiation and progression.