CRISPR/Cas technology: fueling the future of Biofuel production with sugarcane

The objective of present review is to provide a scientific overview of sugarcane as a potential feedstock for biofuel and use of genome editing approach for improvement of industrial and agronomical traits in sugarcane. Sugarcane, a perennial tropical grass with a high biomass index, is a promising feedstock for bioethanol production, and its bagasse, rich in lignocellulosic material, serves as an ideal feedstock for producing second-generation bioethanol. To improve the conversion of sugarcane biomass into biofuels, developing varieties with improved biomass degradability and high biomass and sucrose content is essential. The complex genome architecture and earlier lack of sequence data hindered biotechnological advancements in sugarcane, but recent genome sequence updates offer new opportunities for sugarcane improvement. The first genetically modified sugarcane was developed in 1992 by Bower and Birch using microprojectile bombardment of embryogenic callus. Since then, transgenic techniques have rapidly evolved, leading to the advancement of genome editing technologies. Application of genome editing tools particularly CRISPR/Cas system has been successfully used in sugarcane for editing. Recently, multiple alleles of the magnesium chelatase and acetolactate synthase genes in sugarcane have been successfully edited through multiplexing. Additionally, CRISPR-edited sugarcane varieties with modified cell wall components and increased sucrose content for enhanced bioethanol production have been developed. At the end, the future of CRISPR-edited crops will depend on how well regulatory frameworks adapt to the rapidly evolving technology.