How Does Li₂C₄O₄ Prelithiation Additive Influence the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Dual Carbon Lithium-Ion...

Prelithiation is a critical step in dual carbon lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) due to the lack of Li⁺ in the system, which needs to be incorporated externally to avoid electrolyte depletion. Several prelithiation techniques have been developed over the years, and recently, dilithium squarate (Li₂C₄O₄) has been reported as an air-stable, easy to synthesize, safe, and cost-effective prelithiation reagent for LICs. Li₂C₄O₄ has successfully been used in a wide range of chemistries, and its integration into positive electrodes has been scaled up to roll-to-roll processing and demonstrated in multilayer pouch cells. However, its influence in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) has not yet been studied. In this work, the SEI formed on the hard carbon (HC) negative electrode when using Li₂C₄O₄ as a prelithiation agent has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrode surface has been analyzed in the lithiated and delithiated states along the first lithiation cycle, as well as at the end of the prelithiation protocol, to gain insight into the SEI formation and evolution during the prelithiation process. In addition, an aging test has been carried out to study the long-term SEI stability. We have observed that the use of Li₂C₄O₄ induces a chemical modification in the composition of the SEI with respect to the SEI that forms by using a standard electrochemical prelithiation process, resulting in a less soluble interface. Therefore, the chemical composition of the SEI is stable over cycling. Those findings confer to Li₂C₄O₄ the ability to tune the SEI of the devices, enabling its use in LICs and LIBs not only as a prelithiation agent but also as a film-forming additive.