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End-to-end SARS-CoV-2 transmission risks in sport: Current evidence and practical recommendations
B Jones1,2,3,4,5, G Phillips1,2,6, F Valeriani7
1Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
South African Journal of Sports Medicine
|November 5, 2024
Summary
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly impacted sports. This review details SARS-CoV-2 transmission risks and mitigation strategies for sporting activities, emphasizing outdoor events.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Sports Medicine
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Background:
- The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global sports, necessitating an understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics.
- Respiratory droplets and aerosols are primary SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes, with indoor environments posing higher risks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To summarize SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk factors and mechanisms within sporting contexts.
- To provide stakeholders with information for mitigating virus transmission in sports.
Main Methods:
- Review of end-to-end SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk factors in sports.
- Analysis of transmission mechanisms, including droplet/aerosol spread, fomites, and waterborne transmission.
- Evaluation of indoor vs. outdoor transmission risks.
Main Results:
- Indoor sports environments present the highest SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk, influenced by ventilation and proximity.
- Outdoor transmission risks, including via water and fomites, appear lower than initially perceived.
- Effective mitigation strategies involve scenario planning, physical distancing, mask-wearing, hygiene, and symptom/diagnostic screening.
Conclusions:
- Prioritizing outdoor sports activities can significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk.
- Comprehensive strategies including contact tracing and isolation are crucial for limiting virus spread in sports.
- Stakeholders must implement robust mitigation measures to ensure sports can resume safely.
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