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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Flotillin-2 dampens T cell antigen sensitivity and functionality.

Sookjin Moon¹, Fei Zhao¹, Mohammad N Uddin¹

¹Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory and.

|November 5, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Removing the Flotillin-2 (Flot2) protein enhances T cell sensitivity to antigens. This boosts T cell responses, improving immunity and reducing tumor growth by regulating T cell receptor clustering.

Keywords:

Immunology Lipid rafts T cell receptor T cells

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

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Published on: January 7, 2019

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Published on: July 15, 2011

Author Spotlight: Development of a Method for Identifying Small Molecular Antagonists of β2 Integrin Activation

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Published on: February 2, 2024

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

T cell receptor (TCR) engagement is crucial for T cell responses.
Regulation of TCR-mediated activation at the plasma membrane is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of Flotillin-2 (Flot2) in regulating T cell activation.
To determine how Flot2 affects T cell sensitivity to weak TCR stimulation.

Main Methods:

Generated T cell-specific Flot2-deficient mice.
Analyzed T cell signaling, proliferation, and effector function.
Utilized single-cell RNA-Seq and super-resolution microscopy.

Main Results:

Flot2 deficiency increased T cell antigen sensitivity and TCR signaling.
Flot2-null mice showed reduced tumor growth and enhanced immunity.
Flot2 ablation led to increased TCR nanocluster formation on naive CD4+ T cells.

Conclusions:

Flotillin-2 negatively regulates T cell sensitivity to weak TCR stimulation.
Flot2 modulates T cell function by affecting surface TCR clustering.
Targeting Flot2 could improve T cell reactivity in cancer and chronic infections.