Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

263
Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
263
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

631
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
631
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

634
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
634
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

953
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
953
Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

1.2K
The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
1.2K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

1.1K
All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Electronic and steric control of phase changes caused by methylamine insertion into copper paddlewheel metal-organic frameworks.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Synthesis of a Series of Ln(III) (Ln = La, Ce, Lu) Aryl Complexes and Analysis of Their Ln-L Bonding Using Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Toward Hydrogen Isotope Separations through Strong Hydrogen Adsorption at Open Copper(I) Sites in an Ultramicroporous Metal-Organic Framework.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Oxidative Stability and Redox Coupling in 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) <i>f</i>‑Element Complexes under Acidic Conditions.

ACS electrochemistry·2026
Same author

Comparison of Bonding in Isostructural Cerium and Thorium Parent Amide Complexes.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Photoreactivity of Ru<sup>2+</sup> Polypyridyl Complexes Bearing the H<sub>2</sub>S-Releasing Compound GYY4137.

Inorganic chemistry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Intrinsically Disordered Protein Dynamics Through NMR Relaxation Experiments
09:25

Author Spotlight: Exploring Intrinsically Disordered Protein Dynamics Through NMR Relaxation Experiments

Published on: November 1, 2024

1.8K

Slow Magnetic Relaxation in a Californium Complex.

Luis M Aguirre Quintana1,2,3, Daniel J Lussier1,2, Jennifer N Wacker1

  • 1Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

We synthesized and characterized a novel californium (Cf) complex, demonstrating its potential as the first californium-based single-molecule magnet. This research highlights unique spectroscopic and magnetic properties distinct from its dysprosium (Dy) counterpart.

More Related Videos

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

12.8K
Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate
11:57

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

Published on: September 13, 2019

6.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Intrinsically Disordered Protein Dynamics Through NMR Relaxation Experiments
09:25

Author Spotlight: Exploring Intrinsically Disordered Protein Dynamics Through NMR Relaxation Experiments

Published on: November 1, 2024

1.8K
Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

12.8K
Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate
11:57

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

Published on: September 13, 2019

6.5K

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Magnetism

Background:

  • Macrocyclic complexes offer unique environments for lanthanide and actinide ions.
  • Understanding the magnetic properties of f-element compounds is crucial for developing new magnetic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel macrocyclic californium (Cf) complex.
  • To compare the spectroscopic and magnetic properties of the Cf complex with its dysprosium (Dy) analog.
  • To investigate the potential of Cf complexes as single-molecule magnets.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Na[Cf(H2O)(DOTA)] (1-Cf) and Na[Dy(H2O)(DOTA)] (1-Dy).
  • Spectroscopic measurements (UV-Vis, luminescence) to probe electronic transitions.
  • DC and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements to determine magnetic behavior and relaxation dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Observed divergent spectroscopic and magnetic behaviors between 1-Cf and 1-Dy.
  • Identified 5f → 6d transitions as key contributors to photoluminescence in 1-Cf.
  • 1-Cf exhibited lower magnetic moments and displayed slow magnetic relaxation, characteristic of single-molecule magnet behavior.
  • Attributed differences in magnetic relaxation to spin-orbit coupling variations between Cf3+ and Dy3+.

Conclusions:

  • 1-Cf is the first reported californium-based single-molecule magnet.
  • Ligand field effects significantly influence magnetic properties in Cf complexes.
  • Spectroscopic and magnetic properties are strongly dependent on the specific f-element ion and its electronic structure.