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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

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Uniform Polymer Microspheres by Photoinduced Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Precipitation Polymerization.

Tugrul Cem Bicak1, Huiyin Liu1, Karsten Haupt2

  • 1Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Sorbonne Université CNRS, Paris, F-75005, France.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|November 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A novel photoinduced method synthesizes uniform polymer microspheres using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) without stabilizers. This approach overcomes catalyst contamination and enables controlled polymer grafting for advanced applications.

Keywords:
molecularly imprinted polymerphotoinduced metal‐free ATRPpoly(divinylbenzene)polymer microsphereprecipitation polymerizationuniform

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications
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Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is a controlled polymerization technique.
  • Conventional thermally initiated ATRP for microsphere synthesis faces challenges like low monomer concentration tolerance and catalyst contamination.
  • Stabilizers and surfactants are often required, complicating purification and application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a photoinduced method for synthesizing highly cross-linked and uniform polymer microspheres.
  • To overcome limitations of traditional ATRP-mediated precipitation polymerization.
  • To enable controlled surface grafting of polymers onto microspheres.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at room temperature.
  • Performing polymerization in the absence of stabilizers or surfactants.
  • Employing the synthesized microspheres for subsequent controlled polymer layer growth.

Main Results:

  • Achieved synthesis of highly cross-linked and uniform polymer microspheres.
  • Obtained uniform particles at high monomer concentrations (up to 10% v/v).
  • Produced polymers free from residual transition metal catalysts.
  • Demonstrated successful immobilization of ATRP initiators on particle surfaces.
  • Enabled controlled growth of densely grafted polymer layers with tunable thickness and composition.
  • Successfully synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres.

Conclusions:

  • The photoinduced ATRP method offers a robust and clean approach for polymer microsphere synthesis.
  • This method overcomes key limitations of conventional ATRP precipitation polymerization.
  • The ability to create initiator-functionalized microspheres opens avenues for advanced polymer architectures and functional materials.