Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Evaluation of Auditory Brainstem Response in Chicken Hatchlings
Published on: April 1, 2022
Global analysis of acoustic frequency characteristics in birds
H S Sathya Chandra Sagar1,2, Akash Anand1, Maia E Persche1
1Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706, USA.
Abstract:
Animal communication plays a crucial role in biology, yet the wide variability in vocalizations is not fully understood. Previous studies in birds have been limited in taxonomic and analytical breadth. Here, we analyse an extensive dataset of >140 000 recordings of vocalizations from 8450 bird species, representing nearly every avian order and family, under a structural causal model framework, to explore the influence of eco-evolutionary traits on acoustic frequency characteristics. We find that body mass, beak size, habitat associations and geography influence acoustic frequency characteristics, with varying degrees of interaction with song acquisition type. We find no evidence for the influence of vegetation density, sexual dimorphism, range size and competition on our measures of acoustic frequency characteristics. Our results, built on decades of researchers' empirical observations collected across the globe, provide a new breadth of evidence about how eco-evolutionary processes shape bird communication.
Related Concept Videos
The Cochlea
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
Perception of Sound Waves
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
Aliasing
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original...
Echo
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used;...

