Protective mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients after surgery

This review aims to provide an updated overview of lung protective strategies in critically ill patients after surgery, focusing on the utility of postoperative open-lung ventilation during the transition from the operating room to the intensive care unit.

Mechanically ventilated patients after surgery represent a challenge in the intensive care unit. Different protective strategies have been proposed to minimize the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and facilitate adequate weaning from mechanical ventilation. Fast-track extubation protocols, increasingly standard in the care of critically ill patients postsurgery, have demonstrated improvements in recovery and reductions in acute lung injury, primarily based on retrospective studies. Open-lung ventilation strategies, such as individualization of positive-end expiratory pressure based on driving pressure and postoperative noninvasive ventilation support with high-flow nasal cannula, are becoming standard of care in high-risk surgical patients after major abdominal or thoracic surgeries.

Mechanical ventilation in surgical patients should adhere to lung protective strategies (i.e., individualizing positive end expiratory pressure and prioritize alveolar recruitment) during the transition from the operating room to the intensive care unit.