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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Confocal Imaging of Neuropeptide Y-pHluorin: A Technique to Visualize Insulin Granule Exocytosis in Intact Murine and Human Islets
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Decoding Insulin Secretory Granule Maturation Using Genetically Encoded pH Sensors.

Wen Lin1, Kaylee Tseng1, Scott E Fraser2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.

ACS Sensors
|November 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new tools to track insulin maturation in pancreatic beta cells. This study reveals distinct insulin secretory granule populations and how signals control their secretion, offering insights into diabetes treatments.

Keywords:
FLIM-FRETgenetically encodedinsulin secretory granulematuration pathwaypH sensorpancreatic beta cell

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Insulin, a key hormone for blood glucose regulation, matures within secretory granules via acidification and enzymatic cleavage.
  • Dysregulation of insulin maturation is implicated in diabetes, with mechanisms of cellular control remaining unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel tools for high-resolution monitoring of insulin secretory granule (ISG) pH dynamics in live cells.
  • To investigate how cellular signals influence ISG subpopulations and insulin maturation processes.

Main Methods:

  • Genetically encoded fluorescence pH sensors were designed and implemented.
  • A fluorescence lifetime imaging and analysis pipeline was established for precise ISG pH monitoring.
  • Live-cell imaging was used to observe ISG behavior and pH changes.

Main Results:

  • Distinct ISG subpopulations were identified based on pH and subcellular localization.
  • Metabolic signals and membrane depolarization were shown to mobilize different ISG subpopulations.
  • Maturation signals were confirmed to induce ISG acidification.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular signaling networks differentially regulate ISG mobilization and secretion.
  • The developed tools provide unprecedented resolution for studying ISG dynamics.
  • These findings offer potential avenues for understanding and treating diabetes.