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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Simulating the Mechanics of Lens Accommodation via a Manual Lens Stretcher

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Lower Lid Tightening Procedures: How and When.

Salvatore J Pacella¹

¹Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Scripps Clinic & Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery

|November 6, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Lower blepharoplasty aims to prevent eyelid complications by tightening the lower lid. This summary explores various canthal fixation techniques for optimal lower eyelid repositioning and aesthetic outcomes.

Keywords:

Canthal fixation Canthopexy Canthoplasty Cosmetic eyelid surgery Ectropion Lateral canthus Lower blepharoplasty Tarsoligamentous sling

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Area of Science:

Oculoplastic Surgery
Facial Plastic Surgery

Background:

Post-operative eyelid complications following lower blepharoplasty can arise from inadequate lower lid support.
Current standard practices involve lid tightening procedures and canthal fixation to ensure taut approximation of the lower lid to the globe.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the anatomical considerations of the lateral canthus relevant to surgical fixation.
To discuss the indications and application of various canthal fixation techniques in cosmetic blepharoplasty.

Main Methods:

Review of anatomical structures of the lateral canthus.
Analysis of surgical techniques for lower eyelid support, including canthopexy, canthoplasty, drill hole fixation, and tarsoligamentous sling reconstruction.

Main Results:

Multiple surgical techniques exist for canthal fixation, offering diverse options for lower eyelid repositioning.
The choice of technique depends on the specific anatomical needs and aesthetic goals of the patient.

Conclusions:

Understanding lateral canthus anatomy is crucial for successful canthal fixation.
A range of canthal fixation methods can be employed, individually or in combination, to achieve stable and aesthetically pleasing lower eyelid contour after blepharoplasty.