Linear and nonlinear ultrasound parameters attributed to anisotropy in granite

The anisotropic nature of granite, a key factor affecting its mechanical properties, is inherently governed by its mineral alignment and the presence of orthogonal cleavage planes: rift, grain, and hardway. This study examines how these cleavage planes influence anisotropy, particularly in the context of microcracking formation and acoustic properties. A new measurement procedure for the acoustic nonlinearity parameter ([Formula: see text]) is developed to address the well-known limitations of conventional linear ultrasound methods, including wave velocity and attenuation coefficient, in detecting microstructural changes induced by existing cleavage planes. Unlike other parameters, [Formula: see text] exhibits remarkable changes depending on the plane type, highlighting its high sensitivity to the mineral distribution in each cleavage plane and to the microcracks. A correlation between the linear and nonlinear parameters provides further evidence of the superiority of [Formula: see text] in detecting inherent microscale defects that develop in each plane and affect the anisotropic characteristics of granite. The findings of this study confirm that nonlinear ultrasound is capable of elucidating the mechanisms underlying the origin of anisotropy in granite due to microcracks, with broader implications for understanding unidentified chemical and mechanical phenomena in geological materials.