Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

137
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
137
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

170
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
170
Chunking01:12

Chunking

60
Chunking is a powerful cognitive technique that improves short-term memory retention by organizing information into smaller, more manageable units. The brain, limited by working memory capacity, can more easily process and store information when it is divided into "chunks" rather than presented as discrete, unrelated elements. Chunking is especially useful when dealing with large amounts of information, such as numerical sequences, words, or complex ideas.
The principle behind chunking...
60
Encoding01:19

Encoding

133
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
133
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

80
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
80

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A modular neural circuit for computing the motion of objects.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Meaningful Thresholds for Change in Quantitative CT-Derived Fibrosis Extent in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine·2026
Same author

Condition-Dependent Noise Correlations without Condition-Dependent Spike Counts.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Resiquimod-loaded MOF525 enables synergistic photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.

Nano convergence·2026
Same author

Neuropixels reveal laminar microcircuit organization in monkey V1 in vivo.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Live Spike Sorting of Large-scale Neural Recordings.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Six ways to put the public at the heart of science and policy.

Nature·2026
Same journal

The complex truth about trust in science.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Have people stopped trusting science? The data tell a surprising story.

Nature·2026
Same journal

How FAIR data are helping to build trust in science.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Scientists should recognize their own political biases to build public trust.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Harmonizing standards and resources for the medical genome.

Nature·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

13.6K

Intermittent rate coding and cue-specific ensembles support working memory.

Matthew F Panichello1, Donatas Jonikaitis2, Yu Jin Oh2

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. mfp2@stanford.edu.

Nature
|November 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Working memory may not rely solely on persistent neuronal firing. Instead, information alternates between

More Related Videos

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

29.6K
Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
07:01

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

4.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

13.6K
Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

29.6K
Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
07:01

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

4.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Working memory is traditionally linked to persistent neuronal spiking.
  • Emerging evidence suggests 'activity-silent' synaptic mechanisms may also play a role.
  • Controversy exists due to limitations in previous study methodologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of mnemonic information during working memory.
  • To resolve the debate between persistent spiking and activity-silent mechanisms.
  • To analyze single-trial population dynamics in the lateral prefrontal cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded simultaneously from large, local populations of lateral prefrontal neurons in monkeys.
  • Analyzed mnemonic information dynamics on single trials during a working memory task.
  • Examined neuronal spiking activity and functional connectivity patterns.

Main Results:

  • Mnemonic information did not persist in population spiking activity during memory delays.
  • Information alternated between coordinated 'On' and 'Off' states.
  • Functional connections among neuronal ensembles conveyed mnemonic information during 'Off' states.

Conclusions:

  • Working memory may involve intermittent spiking activity alongside synaptic mechanisms.
  • The findings challenge the exclusive reliance on persistent neuronal firing.
  • A hybrid model integrating spiking and synaptic activity is proposed for working memory.