Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

8.8K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
8.8K
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

8.1K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
8.1K
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

44.2K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
44.2K
Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

1.5K
Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
1.5K
Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

1.8K
The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Plasma p-tau217 Versus p-tau181 in Parkinson's Disease: Differential Associations with Alzheimer's Disease-Related Neurostructural Changes and Cognitive Function.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society·2026
Same author

Challenges of Pain in Parkinson's Disease: Results from the OCEAN Study.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society·2026
Same author

Individual-level metabolic connectivity captures cortical morphology and their coupling strengthens in the ageing brain.

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging·2026
Same author

Letter to the Editor: Gastrointestinal Pseudo-Obstruction Is Not an Uncommon Phenotypic Manifestation of POLG1 Variants-Authors' Reply.

European journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence for STN-DBS Surgical Planning in Parkinson's Disease: A Multicenter Study Comparing Conventional Targeting Versus Supervised Statistical Machine Learning.

Brain sciences·2026
Same author

Trazodone for management of depression in Parkinson's disease: expert opinion and proposal for a treatment algorithm.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
09:02

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

1.3K

Late olfactory bulb involvement in COVID-19.

Francesco Morra1, Matteo Minerva2, Silvia Valeggia3

  • 1Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Chemical Senses
|November 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 infection causes lasting olfactory bulb (OB) size reduction, even in patients who recover their sense of smell. This suggests SARS-CoV-2 impacts olfactory structures long-term, irrespective of smell dysfunction.

Keywords:
COVID-19MRISniffin’ Stickshyposmiaolfactory bulbs

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
04:00

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests

Published on: September 13, 2024

750
Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation
12:00

Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation

Published on: December 28, 2011

15.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
09:02

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

1.3K
Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
04:00

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests

Published on: September 13, 2024

750
Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation
12:00

Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation

Published on: December 28, 2011

15.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction, including hypo-anosmia, is a common symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Late-term morphometric changes in the olfactory pathway following COVID-19 are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate late olfactory bulb (OB) imaging changes in neurologically asymptomatic COVID-19 patients.
  • To correlate these OB changes with olfactory function after infection.

Main Methods:

  • Eighty-three COVID-19 patients and 25 healthy controls underwent 3T-MRI and olfactory function tests (questionnaire, Sniffin' Sticks).
  • Maximal OB area was measured blindly on high-resolution coronal T2w images.
  • Patients were subgrouped based on olfactory function recovery.

Main Results:

  • Former COVID-19 patients exhibited a significantly decreased mean maximal OB area compared to controls (6.52 ± 1.11 mm² vs. 7.26 ± 1.17 mm²).
  • This reduction was observed regardless of persistent hypo-anosmia or recovered normosmia.
  • No significant differences in OB size were found among COVID-19 patient subgroups.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with mid/late-term morphological changes in the olfactory bulb.
  • These OB changes occur irrespective of the presence or persistence of olfactory dysfunction.
  • Further research is needed on long-term olfactory aging and potential links to neurodegenerative disorders.