Bi-directional regulation between inflammation and stem cells in the respiratory tract

Inflammation plays a crucial role in tissue injury, repair and disease, orchestrating a complex interplay of immune responses and cellular processes. Recent studies have uncovered the intricate connection between inflammation and stem cell dynamics, shedding light on the central role of stem cells in tissue regeneration. This Review highlights the significance of inflammation in shaping epithelial stem cell dynamics and its implications for tissue repair, regeneration and aging. We explore the multifaceted interactions between inflammation and stem cells, focusing on how inflammatory signals affect stem cell behavior and fate as well as the remodeling of their niche in the respiratory tract. We also discuss the concept of 'inflammatory memory' in epithelial stem cells, where prior inflammatory stimuli endow these cells with enhanced regenerative potential and confer long-lasting protective mechanisms for maintaining tissue integrity and function. Furthermore, we review the impact of cell senescence induced by inflammation on tissue regeneration and aging, delving into the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications and cellular crosstalk. Understanding these dynamic processes not only deepens our knowledge of tissue homeostasis and repair but also holds profound implications for regenerative medicine strategies aimed at preventing pulmonary diseases.