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The Relationship Between Prenatal, Perinatal, and Postnatal Factors and ADHD: The Role of Nutrition, Diet, and Stress

Lubna Al-Gailani1, Ali Al-Kaleel1

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus.

Developmental Psychobiology
|November 7, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurobehavioral condition with diverse causes, including genetics and environmental factors. Comprehensive management involves multidisciplinary approaches, addressing the condition

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurobehavioral syndrome in children (6-17 years) with early symptom onset (<12 years).
  • ADHD exhibits heterogeneous presentation and is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric disorders.
  • The precise etiology of ADHD is multifactorial, involving genetic predispositions, environmental influences, delayed brain maturation, and neurotransmitter imbalances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted etiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
  • To highlight the diverse factors contributing to ADHD development, from genetic to environmental.
  • To underscore the importance of understanding these factors for effective ADHD management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ADHD etiology.
  • Analysis of genetic, environmental, prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors implicated in ADHD.
  • Exploration of emerging research on the gut microbiome's role in ADHD.

Main Results:

  • Genetic predisposition and environmental factors are key contributors to ADHD.
  • Prenatal factors (maternal diet, alcohol, infections) and postnatal factors (trauma, toxins, nutritional deficiencies) play significant roles.
  • The gut microbiome-brain axis is an emerging area influencing neurodevelopment in ADHD.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD etiology is complex, involving a combination of genetic and environmental influences.
  • Comprehensive ADHD management necessitates a multidisciplinary approach addressing these diverse causal factors.
  • Further research into factors like the gut microbiome is crucial for advancing ADHD understanding and treatment.

Keywords:
attention‐deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)gut microbiomepostnatal factorsprenatal factorsstimulant

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