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Related Concept Videos

DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

31.0K
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
31.0K
DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

13.9K
For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
12.3K
Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

9.8K
Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Related Experiment Video

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Simple and Fast Rolling Circle Amplification-Based Detection of Topoisomerase 1 Activity in Crude Biological Samples
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Untangling bacterial DNA topoisomerases functions.

Céline Borde1, Lisa Bruno1, Olivier Espéli1

  • 1Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|November 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteria use topoisomerases to manage DNA topology during cell processes. This review explores their varied distribution and interactions, highlighting new insights into DNA management in bacteria.

Keywords:
DNA topologyantibioticsbacteriadecatenationsupercoilingtopoisomerases

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Area of Science:

  • Bacterial molecular biology
  • Enzymology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Topoisomerases are essential enzymes resolving DNA topological constraints during replication and transcription.
  • All bacteria possess topoisomerases, yet their distribution varies, suggesting functional diversity.
  • Recent discoveries include proteins that modulate topoisomerase activity, impacting DNA topology management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distribution of topoisomerases across bacterial phyla.
  • To discuss the interplay between different topoisomerases in maintaining DNA topological homeostasis.
  • To highlight recent findings on proteins influencing topoisomerase activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bacterial topoisomerase distribution.
  • Analysis of current knowledge on topoisomerase interactions.
  • Synthesis of recent discoveries in bacterial DNA topology management.

Main Results:

  • Topoisomerase distribution is polymorphic across bacterial species.
  • Interactions among topoisomerases are crucial for topological homeostasis.
  • Modulatory proteins add complexity to bacterial DNA topology control.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial DNA topology management is complex and varies significantly.
  • Understanding topoisomerase interplay is key to deciphering bacterial cell cycle regulation.
  • Further research into topoisomerase modulators will advance our knowledge of bacterial genetics.