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Meta-analysis: a tool for constructing theories or evaluating interventions or simply proving everyday assumptions?

Erich H Witte1, Ivo Ponocny2

  • 1Psychological Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

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Summary

Meta-analysis 2.0 is inadequate for theory building. A proposed meta-analysis 3.0, utilizing abduction, is essential for developing robust scientific theories by ensuring data stability and quantitative comparisons.

Keywords:
abductionerror theorymeta-analysisreliabilitytheory testingvalidity

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Area of Science:

  • Scientific methodology
  • Research synthesis
  • Theory development

Background:

  • Current meta-analysis (version 2.0) is insufficient for building scientific theories.
  • Existing meta-analyses often yield homogeneous, small, or heterogeneous results.
  • Meta-analysis 2.0 focuses on induction to find measurement instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and describe meta-analysis 3.0 as a tool for theory building.
  • To highlight the necessity of specific conditions for effective meta-analysis (valid independent variables, reduced error variance, stable effects, quantitative comparisons).
  • To contrast the inductive approach of meta-analysis 2.0 with the abductive approach of meta-analysis 3.0.

Main Methods:

  • Development of meta-analysis from version 2.0 to 3.0.
  • Description of meta-analysis 3.0 procedures, including hypothetical and empirical examples.
  • Application of abduction as the core research strategy in meta-analysis 3.0.

Main Results:

  • Meta-analysis 3.0 requires valid independent variables, reduced dependent variable error variance, effect stability, and quantitative comparisons.
  • Meta-analysis 3.0 seeks stability in quantitative data reconstructions across diverse topics.
  • The study demonstrates the application of meta-analysis 3.0 through hypothetical and empirical examples.

Conclusions:

  • Meta-analysis 3.0 is indispensable for scientific theorizing.
  • Theorizing requires meta-analysis 3.0, establishing a symbiotic relationship.
  • Abduction is identified as the crucial research strategy linking theorizing and meta-analysis 3.0, distinguishing it from induction.