Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

37.5K
When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
37.5K
Confidence Coefficient01:24

Confidence Coefficient

7.5K
The confidence coefficient is also known as the confidence level or degree of confidence. It is the percent expression for the probability, 1-α, that the confidence interval contains the true population parameter assuming that the confidence interval is obtained after sufficient unbiased sampling; for example, if the CL = 90%, then in 90 out of 100 samples the interval estimate will enclose the true population parameter. Here α is the area under the curve, distributed equally under...
7.5K
Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

12.7K
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
12.7K
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

5.5K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
5.5K
Interpretation of Confidence Intervals01:19

Interpretation of Confidence Intervals

5.6K
A confidence interval is a better estimate of the population than a point estimate, as it uses a range of values from a sample instead of a single value.
Confidence intervals have confidence coefficients that are crucial for their interpretation. The most common confidence coefficients are 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99, which can be written as percentages–90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively.
Suppose a person calculates a confidence interval with a confidence coefficient of 0.95. In that case, they can...
5.6K
Confidence Intervals01:21

Confidence Intervals

6.1K
An unbiased point estimate is often insufficient to predict a population estimate, such as population mean or population proportion. In this scenario, a confidence interval is used. A confidence interval is an estimate similar to a  sample proportion. However, unlike the point estimate which is a single value, the confidence interval  contains a range of values. These values have lower and upper limits, known as confidence limits, and can be designated as L1 and L2, respectively.
A...
6.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Examining Subtypes of Victimization in Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Analysis Across Gender Using PISA 2022.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

An evaluation of various parts of face to identify facial paralysis using temporal convolutional neural network model.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Developmental Language Disorder and Risk of Dyslexia-Can They Be Told Apart?

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Aberrant Responding in Hypothesis Testing: A Threat to Validity or Source of Insight?

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Identifying subgroups of teacher burnout in elementary and secondary schools: the effects of teacher experience, age and gender.

Frontiers in psychology·2025
Same author

The effect of school size and class size on school preparedness.

Frontiers in psychology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics BM-PROMA
10:58

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics BM-PROMA

Published on: August 28, 2021

4.4K

Confidence in mathematics is confounded by responses to reverse-coded items.

Faye Antoniou1, Mohammed H Alghamdi2

  • 1Department of Educational Studies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Frontiers in Psychology
|November 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Reverse-coded items in surveys introduce measurement errors, impacting reliability and validity, especially for younger students. Reconsidering their use is crucial for accurate data collection in educational research.

Keywords:
Guttman errorsU3aberrant respondingcarelessnesslz*person-fit indicesrandom respondingreverse coded items

More Related Videos

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing
06:58

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

Published on: January 24, 2020

7.3K
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

3.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2025

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics BM-PROMA
10:58

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics BM-PROMA

Published on: August 28, 2021

4.4K
Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing
06:58

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

Published on: January 24, 2020

7.3K
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

3.9K

Area of Science:

  • Educational Measurement
  • Psychometrics
  • Survey Methodology

Background:

  • Confidence in mathematics is a key factor in student achievement.
  • Reverse-coded items are often used in surveys to enhance measurement quality.
  • Potential confounding effects of reverse-coded items require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of reverse-coded items on measuring mathematics confidence.
  • To identify subgroups of students affected by reverse-coded items.
  • To assess the effect on psychometric properties like reliability and validity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the 2019 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS).
  • Applied mixture modeling to identify response patterns to reverse-coded items in a Saudi Arabian cohort (n=4,515).
  • Employed person fit indicators (Lz*, U3, Guttman errors) for verification.

Main Results:

  • Identified two subgroups (approx. 9% of sample) with inconsistent responses to reverse-coded items.
  • Psychometric analyses showed improved internal consistency reliability and factorial validity after removing aberrant responders.
  • Reverse-coded items were associated with distorted item parameters and measurement error.

Conclusions:

  • Reverse-coded items can introduce systematic measurement error, compromising scale reliability and validity.
  • The findings highlight the need to reconsider the use of reverse-coded items in surveys.
  • Particular caution is advised for younger populations and students with lower academic achievement.