Piezo1 Regulates Stiffness-Dependent DRG Axon Regeneration via Modifying Cytoskeletal Dynamics

Despite medical interventions, the regenerative capacity of the peripheral nervous system is limited. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons possess the capacity to detect mechanical signals from their microenvironment, but the impact and mechanism by which these signals regulate axon regrowth and even regeneration in DRG neurons remain unclear. In this study, DRG neurons from newborn rats are cultured on substrates with varying degrees of stiffness in vitro to investigate the role of mechanical signals in axon regrowth. The findings reveal that substrate stiffness plays a crucial role in regulating axon regrowth, with an optimal stiffness required for this process. In addition, the data demonstrate that Piezo1, a mechanosensitive cation channel, detects substrate stiffness at the growth cone and regulates axon regrowth through activating downstream Ca²⁺-CaMKII-FAK-actin cascade signaling pathway. Interestingly, knocking down Piezo1 in adult rat DRG neurons leads to enhanced axon regeneration and accelerated recovery of sensory function after sciatic nerve injury. Overall, these findings contribute to the understanding of the role of mechanical signals in axon regeneration and highlight microenvironmental stiffness as a promising therapeutic target for repairing nerve injuries.