Layered nanoarchitectonics for condensed hard matter, soft matter, and living matter

Nanotechnology has elucidated scientific phenomena of various materials at the nano-level. The next step in materials developments is to build up materials, especially condensed matter, based on such nanotechnology-based knowledge. Nanoarchitectonics can be regarded as a post-nanotechnology concept. In nanoarchitectonics, functional material systems are architected from nanounits. Here, this review would like to focus on layered structures in terms of structure formation. The unit structures of layered structures are mostly two-dimensional materials or thin-film materials. They are attractive materials that have attracted much attention in modern condensed matter science. By organizing them into layered structures, we can expect to develop functions based on communication between the layers. Building up layered functional structures by assembling nano-layers of units is a typical approach in nanoarchitectonics. The discussion will be divided into the following categories: hard matter, hybrid, soft matter, and living object. For each target, several recent research examples will be given to illustrate the discussion. This paper will extract what aspects are considered important in the creation of the layered structure of each component. Layering strategies need to be adapted to the characteristics of the components. The type of structural precision and functionality required is highly dependent on the flexibility and mobility of the component. Furthermore, what is needed to develop the nanoarchitectonics of layered structures is discussedas future perspectives.