Fractal Modelling of Heterogeneous Catalytic Materials and Processes

This review considers the use of fractal concepts to improve the development, fabrication, and characterisation of catalytic materials and supports. First, the theory of fractals is discussed, as well as how it can be used to better describe often highly complex catalytic materials and enhance structural characterisation via a variety of different methods, including gas sorption, mercury porosimetry, NMR, and several imaging modalities. The review then surveys various synthesis and fabrication methods that can be used to create catalytic materials that are fractals or possess fractal character. It then goes on to consider how the fractal properties of catalysts affect their performance, especially their overall activity, selectivity for desired products, and resistance to deactivation. Finally, this review describes how the optimum fractal catalyst material for a given reaction system can be designed on a computer.