From Cells to Plaques: The Molecular Pathways of Coronary Artery Calcification and Disease

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and a critical factor in the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). This review aims to address the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CAC and its relationship with CAD. We examine the cellular and molecular processes that drive the formation of calcified plaques, highlighting the roles of inflammation, lipid accumulation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Additionally, we explore the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the heterogeneity in CAC and CAD presentation among individuals. Understanding these intricate mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and improving diagnostic accuracy. By integrating current research findings, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathways linking CAC to CAD, offering insights into potential interventions to mitigate the burden of these interrelated conditions.