Biomimetic Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Dry Eyes and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: An In Vivo Study

Background/Objectives: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and dry eye syndrome (DES) are common eye diseases characterized by altered tear film stability and inflammation of the ocular surface, causing significant discomfort and possible visual impairment. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of curcumin-loaded liposomes (Lipo@Cur) compared to cyclosporine A-loaded liposomes (Lipo@CycA) in experimental rabbit models of MGD and DES, with a focus on their ability to improve tear film stability and reduce ocular surface inflammation. Methods: MGD and DES were induced using complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and treated to evaluate the effect of liposomal formulations on tear break-up time (TBUT), clinical signs of inflammation (telangiectasia, conjunctival hyperemia, meibomian foramen occlusion), and corneal as well as conjunctival histological cells. Results: Lipo@Cur increased TBUT and reduced the signs of ocular surface inflammation, potentially approaching the effectiveness of clinically approved cyclosporine A encapsulated in liposomes (Lipo@CycA). Histological analysis suggested improvements in corneal epithelial thickness and goblet cell density in the treated groups, which may indicate a reversal of DES-induced damage to the ocular surface. Conclusions: Plant-originated curcumin encapsulated in liposomes offers a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of MGD and DES that may improve patient outcomes by addressing the underlying inflammatory mechanisms of these conditions.