The Complement System as a Part of Immunometabolic Post-Exercise Response in Adipose and Muscle Tissue

The precise molecular processes underlying the complement's activation, which follows exposure to physical stress still remain to be fully elucidated. However, some possible mechanisms could play a role in initiating changes in the complement's activity, which are observed post-exposure to physical stress stimuli. These are mainly based on metabolic shifts that occur in the microenvironment of muscle tissue while performing its function with increased intensity, as well as the adipose tissue's role in sterile inflammation and adipokine secretion. This review aims to discuss the current opinions on the possible link between the complement activation and diet, age, sex, and health disorders with a particular emphasis on endocrinopathies and, furthermore, the type of physical activity and overall physical fitness. It has been indicated that regular physical activity incorporated into therapeutic strategies potentially improves the management of particular diseases, such as, e.g., autoimmune conditions. Moreover, it represents a favorable influence on immunoaging processes. A better understanding of the complement system's interaction with physical activity will support established clinical therapies targeting complement components.