Pore Engineering in Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Enhanced Energy, Catalysis, and Environmental Applications

Biomass-derived carbon materials (BDCs) are highly regarded for their renewability, environmental friendliness, and broad potential for application. A significant advantage of these materials lies in the high degree of customization of their physical and chemical properties, especially in terms of pore structure. Pore engineering is a key strategy to enhance the performance of BDCs in critical areas, such as energy storage, catalysis, and environmental remediation. This review focuses on pore engineering, exploring the definition, classification, and adjustment techniques of pore structures, as well as how these factors affect the application performance of BDCs in energy, catalysis, and environmental remediation. Our aim is to provide a solid theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the pore engineering of BDCs to facilitate the rapid transition of these materials from the laboratory to industrial applications.