Biomimetic scaffolds loaded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or MSC-derived exosomes for enhanced wound healing

Since wound healing is one of the most important medical challenges and common dressings have not been able to manage this challenge well today, efforts have been increased to achieve an advanced dressing. Mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes derived from them have shown high potential in healing and regenerating wounds due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and high regenerative capacities. However, challenges such as the short life of these cells, the low durability of these cells in the wound area, and the low stability of exosomes derived from them have resulted in limitations in their use for wound healing. Nowadays, different scaffolds are considered suitable biomaterials for wound healing. These scaffolds are made of natural or synthetic polymers and have shown promising potential for an ideal dressing that does not have the disadvantages of common dressings. One of the strategies that has attracted much attention today is using these scaffolds for seeding and delivering MSCs and their exosomes. This combined strategy has shown a high potential in enhancing the shelf life of cells and increasing the stability of exosomes. In this review, the combination of different scaffolds with different MSCs or their exosomes for wound healing has been comprehensively discussed.