Current status of microplastic pollution and the latest treatment technologies

With the widespread use of plastics globally, the issue of microplastic (MP) pollution has escalated into a significant social and environmental concern. This paper seeks to comprehensively review the environmental hazards associated with MPs and to present the latest analytical techniques and countermeasures. By analyzing the global distribution of MPs and the hazards they pose to the human body, it is found that MPs come from a variety of sources and are widely distributed, and that their hazards cover the whole body, but there is a lack of specific dose analyses and acute toxicity analyses. To address the challenges of industrial-scale MP treatment, numerous advanced theories and methods have been developed, providing valuable insights for effective remediation. Despite these advancements, notable limitations persist, particularly in the treatment of MPs in residential water supplies. Furthermore, this review identifies promising approaches in the utilization of microorganisms and the synergistic mechanisms of enzymes for MP pollution mitigation. Additionally, the urgent need for the development of standardized methods and a comprehensive legal framework for the isolation and detection of MPs across various environmental media is underscored, providing novel perspectives on the study of MPs.