Exploring Biomineralization Processes Using In Situ Liquid Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Review

Area of Science:

• Biomineralization research
• Materials science
• Microscopy techniques

Background:

• Biomineralization theories traditionally focused on classical crystallization pathways.
• Previous observations using traditional and cryo-TEM suggested non-traditional routes involving precursor phases.
• Static imaging techniques limited the dynamic understanding of these complex processes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent in situ liquid transmission electron microscopy (TEM) research in biomineralization.
• To highlight the shift towards non-classical biomineralization theories enabled by dynamic visualization.
• To provide practical guidance on liquid TEM methods for researchers in the field.

Main Methods:

• In situ liquid transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for real-time observation of reactions.
• Dynamic mechanistic visualization of biomineralization processes.
• Critical review of recent literature on liquid TEM applications in biomineralization.

Main Results:

• Liquid TEM has revealed complex and multifaceted biomineralization processes with real-time resolution.
• Dynamic observation of both classical and non-classical mineralization pathways, particularly for Ca and Fe systems.
• Demonstrated the capability of liquid TEM to provide insights beyond static imaging limitations.

Conclusions:

• Liquid TEM is a transformative technique for studying biomineralization, offering dynamic mechanistic insights.
• It supports the paradigm shift towards non-classical theories by visualizing dynamic precursor phases.
• Future expansion of liquid TEM research promises significant discoveries in understanding biological systems.