MnO₂-mineralized milk exosomes as a novel nanoplatform for glutathione detection

Exosomes have garnered significant attention in the realms of disease diagnosis and therapeutics, owing to their remarkable biocompatibility. While engineered exosomes have the potential to augment delivery efficiency, targeting specificity, and circulation longevity, the intricacies of sample preparation have often hindered their broader application. In this pioneering study, we introduce a novel nanoplatform by leveraging surface manganese dioxide (MnO₂) mineralization of milk exosomes. This innovative technique not only amplifies the inherent properties of exosomes but also endows them with additional functionalities, transforming them into a multifaceted tool for disease detection and therapeutic intervention. To expand the application of MnO₂@milk exosomes, milk exosomes were stained with lipophilic molecules (curcumin) to prepare MnO₂@mEVs-curcumin (MEC). The prepared nanocomposite was employed to detect GSH in cancer cells. By integrating exosome engineering with surface mineralization, we have paved the way for the creation of advanced biomaterials.