A multi-market comparison of composition, formulation, and label content of CBD e-liquids

The prevalence of electronically vaporized cannabidiol (CBD) use is rising in many countries. However, few regulatory frameworks exist for inhaled CBD, and this lack of oversight may not protect consumers from adverse consequences. We generated a representative map of several global consumer vaporized CBD markets by collating data concerning cannabinoid levels, including CBD and Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, from the scientific literature. In addition, we analyzed several CBD e-liquids obtained in the UK. E-liquid CBD concentrations varied markedly both within and between markets. E-liquid CBD concentration commonly differed from the labeled amount, in one case by >200%, and fell outside a ±10% tolerance. Other cannabinoids, including Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, were commonly found in e-liquids. In summary, CBD e-liquids vary markedly in terms of CBD and other cannabinoid content, diluents, and contaminants. Due to the relatively unregulated state of the CBD vaporizer and e-liquid marketplace, consumers may be subject to harm associated with vaporized CBD use.