Utilization and applications of stable isotope analysis for wastewater treatment systems: A review

Stable isotopic analysis (SIA), traditionally crucial in ecological and geochemical studies, has recently expanded its applications to include wastewater management among other fields. This method is instrumental in verifying natural attenuation processes and deepening understanding of operations within engineering systems, such as groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater treatment. This review explores recent advancements in SIA, emphasizing its significance and potential applications in wastewater treatment. We highlight how this analysis can trace various sources within wastewater treatment processes, elucidate the mechanisms responsible for organic matter and nutrient removal in biological treatments, and facilitate the analysis of microbial communities. The review discusses a wide range of isotopic analytical methods, from bulk analysis and compound-specific approaches, covering sample preparation and extraction techniques. We also examine advanced tools like gas chromatography - isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) and liquid chromatography-IRMS which enhance the accuracy of source identification and address the limitations of bulk analysis. Literature shows a positive correlation between δ¹⁵N assimilation in activated sludge and nitrogen removal performance in reactors. Additionally, the review assesses the role of SIA in identifying active microbes involved in the degradation of specific pollutants in biological wastewater treatment. Finally, we discuss current limitations of SIA in wastewater treatment and propose potential research directions to broaden its applicability.