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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

448
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Dementia01:30

Dementia

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

482
Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

102
Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

222
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
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Transcranial Pulse Stimulation for Alzheimer's Patients
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Alzheimer's disease: part 2 - the present.

Ricardo Nitrini1

  • 1Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria
|November 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Recent Alzheimer's disease (AD) advancements include plasma biomarkers for easier diagnosis and new anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies. While showing modest clinical effects, these developments offer hope for future research and improved AD management.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Research
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and treatment have evolved significantly since 2011.
  • Recent discoveries, particularly in biomarkers, are transforming AD diagnostics.
  • Established diagnostic criteria have been updated, reflecting new scientific understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment from a clinical neurologist's perspective.
  • To discuss the impact of novel biomarkers and monoclonal antibodies on AD management.
  • To address the implications of new diagnostic criteria and emerging therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical experience and recent scientific literature on Alzheimer's disease.

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  • Analysis of the impact of new diagnostic criteria and biomarkers (including plasma-based) on AD diagnosis.
  • Evaluation of the efficacy and effects of newly approved anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies.

    • Main Results:

    • Plasma-based biomarkers are emerging, poised to revolutionize biological AD diagnosis, though requiring public education.
    • Three monoclonal antibodies targeting beta-amyloid have been approved; two show statistically significant, albeit small, clinical benefits.
    • These antibodies effectively reduce brain amyloid plaques (via PET) and alter cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (Aβ42, p-tau) more than improving neuropsychological or functional outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Emerging plasma biomarkers will simplify AD diagnosis and monitoring of its pathophysiology.
    • The modest clinical benefits of current anti-amyloid antibodies are encouraging for future research and drug development.
    • New diagnostic criteria for AD have been proposed, sparking debate regarding their clinical application.