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Area of Science:

  • Atomic physics
  • Complex systems
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Rydberg excitations in atomic gases offer a unique model for studying complex phenomena.
  • Understanding epidemic evolution on dynamic networks and self-organization is crucial for complex systems research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the universality class of nonequilibrium phase transitions in Rydberg-excited atomic gases.
  • To determine if the universality class can be tuned and its robustness against decay.

Main Methods:

  • Monte Carlo simulations were employed to model the system.
  • A machine learning algorithm was utilized to analyze the simulation data.
  • The study considered both static (frozen gas) and dynamic (moving atoms) network scenarios.

Main Results:

  • The universality class of the phase transition can be tuned and is robust against decay.
  • In a frozen gas, directed percolation (DP) universality was predicted.
  • Atomic motion and long-range excitations lead to anomalous directed percolation (ADP) with continuously varying critical exponents.
  • These results explain recent experimental observations of Rydberg facilitation.

Conclusions:

  • Rydberg excitation systems provide a versatile platform for studying critical phenomena and self-organization.
  • The findings demonstrate the tunability and robustness of universality classes in dynamic networks.
  • The study bridges theoretical models with experimental observations in ultracold atomic gases.