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Related Concept Videos

Mixtures of Acids01:19

Mixtures of Acids

650
The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
In a strong and weak acid mixture, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions present in the solution. In contrast, the weak acid shows...
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Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

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Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
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Equilibrium Conditions for a Particle01:23

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When an object is in equilibrium, it is either at rest or moving with a constant velocity. There are two types of equilibrium: static and dynamic. Static equilibrium occurs when an object is at rest, while dynamic equilibrium occurs when an object is moving with a constant velocity. In both cases, there must be a balance of forces acting on the object.
To understand the concept of equilibrium, let us first consider the forces acting on an object. When different forces act on an object, they can...
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Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis01:15

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal...
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Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

2.7K
Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
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Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

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The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
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Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Microfluidic Mixers for Studying Protein Folding
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Theory-Driven Evolution of the Weak Mixing Angle.

Jens Erler1, Rodolfo Ferro-Hernández1, Simon Kuberski2

  • 1PRISMA<sup>+</sup> Cluster of Excellence and Institute for Nuclear Physics, <a href="https://ror.org/023b0x485">Johannes Gutenberg-University</a>, 55099 Mainz, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|November 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study provides the first theoretical calculation of the weak mixing angle using lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and perturbation theory. Results offer insights into the muon

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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics
  • Standard Model Physics

Background:

  • The weak mixing angle is a fundamental parameter in the Standard Model.
  • Precise determination of this angle is crucial for testing the Standard Model.
  • Previous calculations often relied on experimental data, limiting purely theoretical predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform the first purely theoretical calculation of the weak mixing angle at low energies.
  • To investigate the connections between the weak mixing angle and other key physical quantities.
  • To assess the implications for the predicted mass of the W boson.

Main Methods:

  • Combining lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) results with theoretical perturbation theory.
  • Calculating the weak mixing angle in the modified minimal subtraction (MS[over ¯]) scheme.
  • Comparing theoretical results with those derived from experimental cross-section data.

Main Results:

  • A novel theoretical value for the weak mixing angle at low energies.
  • Established correlations between the weak mixing angle and the muon's anomalous magnetic moment.
  • Demonstrated the relationship with the energy dependence of the electromagnetic coupling.
  • Discrepancies noted when compared to cross-section data-driven calculations.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a significant advancement in the theoretical determination of the weak mixing angle.
  • Findings provide a new benchmark for Standard Model precision tests.
  • The results highlight potential areas for refinement in theoretical models and experimental measurements.
  • Implications for the W boson mass prediction are discussed within the Standard Model framework.