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Updated: Jun 7, 2025
A Human Ex Vivo Atherosclerotic Plaque Model to Study Lesion Biology
Published on: May 6, 2014
[Plaque characterization and individualized risk assessment]
J M Brendel1,2, K Nikolaou1, B Foldyna3
1Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland.
Insights
Accurate coronary artery disease (CAD) risk assessment uses cardiac CT, including CT-FFR and plaque quantification. The CAD-RADS 2.0 classification aids in prognosis and therapy recommendations for better patient outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular imaging and diagnostics
- Radiology and medical imaging
- Interventional cardiology
Context:
- Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is standard for coronary artery disease (CAD) risk assessment.
- Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) and calcium scoring are established diagnostic tools.
- CAD-RADS classification provides a standardized diagnostic framework.
Purpose:
- To evaluate the role of advanced cardiac CT techniques in CAD risk stratification.
- To highlight the prognostic value of CT-FFR and plaque quantification.
- To emphasize the importance of the CAD-RADS 2.0 classification for clinical decision-making.
Summary:
- Cardiac CT, including calcium scoring and CCTA, is the standard for CAD risk assessment.
- Emerging methods like CT-FFR and plaque quantification offer enhanced prognostic information.
- CT-FFR accurately assesses stenosis hemodynamic significance, while plaque composition predicts event risk.
Impact:
- Improved individual prognosis through accurate plaque characterization.
- Guideline compliance for CT-FFR in the USA for evaluating stenoses.
- Expected clinical integration of quantitative plaque analysis for risk stratification.
Clinical/Methodical Issue:
Risk assessment and accurate plaque characterization are key to individual prognosis in coronary artery disease (CAD).
Standard Radiological Methods:
The standard of care is cardiac computed tomography (CT), including calcium scoring and coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Diagnosis is based on the CAD-RADS (Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System) classification.
Methodological Innovations:
New developments include CT-based fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) and plaque quantification ("virtual histology").
Performance:
A calcium score of 0 indicates an event risk of less than 1% over 10 years [7, 17]. CAD-RADS classes 1 to 5 allow risk assessment compared to patients without coronary plaques [2]. CT-FFR has high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] 0.90; 95% confidence interval 0.87-0.94) in assessing the hemodynamic significance of stenoses compared with invasive coronary angiography [25]. Plaque quantification has shown that a necrotic core greater than 4% is associated with an almost fivefold increase in 5‑year event risk [29].
Achievements:
The presence of obstructive CAD (stenosis > 50%) is a strong prognostic factor. The evaluation of the hemodynamic relevance of 40-90% stenoses by CT-FFR or other functional tests is already guideline-compliant in the USA, but not yet in Germany. Quantitative approaches to measure plaque volume and composition are gaining importance in research and are expected to become relevant in clinical practice.
Practical Recommendations:
The CAD-RADS 2.0 classification, which also provides therapy recommendations, should be used to assess the extent of CAD.
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