[Incidence and risk factors of congenital heart disease in Qingdao]

Objective: To analyze the incidence and risk factors of congenital heart disease (CHD) in Qingdao. Methods: A prospective study was adapted, and study participants were pregnant women who underwent prenatal screening in Qingdao from August 2018 to June 2020 and their offspring (the whole population coverage). CHD in neonates was screened by using the pulse oximetry saturation and heart auscultation, and the final diagnosis was determined by the result of echocardiography. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to analyze the risk factors of CHD. Results: The study included 115 238 live births, among which 709 were diagnosed with CHD, with an incidence of 6.15/1 000. Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, as well as ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect were the main CHD subtypes, with incidences of 2.97/1 000 (342/115 238), 1.01/1 000 (116/115 238), and 0.39/1 000 (45/115 238), respectively, comprising 48.2% (342/709), 16.4% (116/709), and 6.3% (45/709) of the CHD cases. The results of multivariable logistic regression showed that the offspring of women with a graduate degree (compared to junior high school or below) (OR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.15-2.40), pregnancy history of CHD (OR=9.50, 95%CI: 5.37-16.81), pregestational diabetes mellitus (OR=3.40, 95%CI: 1.58-7.32) had a higher risk of having CHD, whereas the offspring of multiparous women was associated with a lower risk of CHD (OR=0.84, 95%CI: 0.71-0.99). In addition, compared with male newborns, female newborns have a higher risk of having CHD (OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.01-1.39). Conclusions: The incidence of CHD in Qingdao is 6.15/1 000, with ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, as well as ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect being the main subtypes. Maternal education, parity, pregnancy history of CHD, pregestational diabetes mellitus, and offspring gender are associated with CHD occurrence.