Photonic crystal surface emitting lasers with multiple-junction operating at high order waveguide mode

We propose a novel design for multi-junction photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs) operating in higher-order waveguide modes to minimize internal losses. This paper details the design and simulation of a 2-junction PCSEL, including calculations of confinement factors, coupling coefficients, radiation loss, and threshold currents. We compare the performance of 2 J-PCSELs and 1 J-PCSELs, demonstrating the potential for highly efficient multi-junction PCSELs with improved power conversion efficiency and output power.